THE STRUCTURES OF FIELDS & FORCES

 

The Aim of This Article

 

I want to show you what I have discovered about the causes and the mechanics of fields & forces while investigating the concept of particles as ever-extending ellipsoidal ECE packing-density oscillations centered upon defects in the lattice of ethereal space...  These causes and mechanics become evident when we apply logical analysis to the following IPP perceptions:

1.      Every particle in the cosmos is an infinitely-extending, point-centered ellipsoidal ECE packing-density oscillation with a central cluster of defects that aberrates its outgoing and incoming oscillatory waveforms. 

2.      This aberrated ellipsoidal oscillatory waveform contains all the field elements and initiates all the force effects that a particle manifests.

3.      The ethereal space into which a particle injects its oscillatory waveform is not pristine, but, rather, its component ECEs are in constant relative motion, instant-by-instant, point-by-point, as their positions are influenced by the vector summation of the inverse-square-decremented wavefronts arriving from all the surrounding oscillatory phenomena in the cosmos.  Please note that these wavefronts arrive both from particles and from the unaberrated ellipsoidal waves of photons.  Also keep in mind that grain-boundaries and black-holes generate inverse-square decremented lattice shrinkage of a non-oscillatory nature that is summed vectorily with the arriving oscillatory wavefronts.

4.      This surrounding cosmic flux adds vectorily to the particle’s outgoing and incoming oscillatory wavefronts in a manner that causes its oscillator’s next center of convergence to be displaced from its expected landing point.

5.      The effect of these essentially continuous displacements of the next centers of convergence of a particle’s oscillation is to alter the ellipticity of its infinitely-extending oscillatory waveforms, cycle by cycle.

6.      Since a particle’s current center of convergence is its current center of mass-energy, the rate of movement of this center of convergence correlates with a particle’s absolute momentum through the space lattice.

7.      We will perceive that changes in a particle’s oscillatory ellipticity are due to increases or decreases in the hemispherical shrinkage component of a particle’s mass-energy.  A particle’s self- energy correlates with its amount of spherical shrinkage, while its ratio of hemispherical shrinkage to spherical shrinkage defines the rate at which its center of convergence steps through absolute space.

8.      The rate of drift of an oscillator’s center is equal to the ratio of its ellipticity to the ellipticity of a photon multiplied by the speed of light.

 

When we view particles as ever-extending oscillatory distortion patterns in space, rather than as infinitesimal points, we have already taken the crucial first step towards a rational understanding of how forces arise in particle interactions!  We immediately see that we don’t need to concoct any “messenger” entities to carry field information from one point particle to another, because a particle’s oscillatory distortion pattern may plausibly performs this “messenger” function, as its in-and-out oscillatory waves spread radially outward at the speed of light.  Here are some things to consider about this process:

 

1.      The characteristic shape of the oscillator’s waveform aberrations will be uniquely determined by the types, numbers, geometric arrangements, and summation charge of the lattice defects present in the oscillator’s central region.

2.      The frequency of a particle’s packing-density oscillation correlates with its captured mass-energy.

3.      The oscillator’s ellipticity correlates with the direction and stepping speed through space of its periodically compacting center, and the particle’s packing-density oscillation induces point-centered, inverse-square decremented shrinkage into the space lattice.  IPP suggests that the integrated amount of this induced shrinkage correlates with the particle’s gravitational potential. (Here is a neat way of explaining the why of Einstein’s General Relativity!)

4.      We see, then, from points 1 & 2, that a particle’s aberrated oscillatory waveform contains information about all of the field elements that it manifests, and, thus, it has the potential of bringing this information to surrounding phenomena within its ever-expanding influence.  Our challenge is to understand how particles sense and respond to the aberrated waveforms of their neighbors, and, of course, also of interacting itself with the corresponding waveforms that these surrounding particles themselves manifest. .

5.      We can infer that the complex distortion field generated by surrounding phenomena into which a particle’s oscillatory waveform intrudes is the vector summation, instant by instant, point by point, of a universe full of similarly aberrated, ever-changing, ever-extending, point-centered, inverse-square-decremented, ellipsoidal oscillatory distortion patterns.

6.      We can also infer that the summation pattern of these aberrated waveforms from surrounding matter will alter the texture of the space lattice surrounding our particle in a manner that is bound to affect the timing of the its oscillator’s reflected waves.

7.      We infer that the effect of an infinite field upon an infinite particle is to alter the ellipticity of its infinite oscillatory waveform instant by instant.

8.      We reason that a spherical ECE packing-density oscillation acquires ellipticity by binding various amounts of hemispherical shrinkage (hemispherical shrinkage, IPP’s concept of a photon, is the subject of part two of this article).

9.      We see that the rate of drift of an oscillator’s center is determined by the ratio of its ellipticity to the ellipticity of a photon multiplied by the speed of light.

 

You may find it hard to accept the need for further investigation into the physics of fields and forces, given that current physical theory yields precise quantitative understanding of all the fields & forces that I will be discussing, except for the strong force.  But let me call your attention to the complexity of the current qualitative understanding of these phenomena:

 

Current Concepts of Fields & Forces

 

Currently, physicists consider fields to be infinitesimal points of transient existence that are exchanged between particles at the speed of light.  These exchanged entities are termed vector, virtual, or ghost particles, both, to differentiate them from real particles, and, to indicate that they are metaphors for mathematical concepts of fields & forces, which are not intended to evoke visualizable concepts.  This structural vagueness for fields is in harmony with essentially all the metaphors of quantum & particle physics, which, basically, are labels, rather than explanations, for a group of micro-physical concepts whose mechanics have been found to be so baffling, as to appear to be beyond human comprehension, and, yet, which, nevertheless, are amenable to prediction by mathematical equations that have been reasoned out, or stumbled across, by clever geniuses.

 

Different field types are said to have different ghost particles associated with them:

 

·        Gravitational fields — virtual gravitons

·        Electromagnetic fields — virtual photons

·        Strong-force fields — virtual gluons (earlier, vector mesons)

 

Some fields, though, are considered to be properties inherent in real particles:

 

·        Weak-force fields — ± W’s, neutral Z’s

·        Spin fields

·        Polarization fields

·        Momentum fields

·        Angular momentum fields

 

And some other fields are currently viewed as unsolved mysteries:

 

·        Dark matter fields

·        Black hole fields

 

The current concept of forces presumes that infinitesimal particles:

 

1.      Have the ability to capture all the various kinds of infinitesimal field particles that impinge upon them from all communicating phenomena in the universe.

2.      Have the means to distinguish various types of field particles, and the means of determining the relative accelerating effect of each type.

3.      Have the ability of keeping a tally of the numbers of each type arriving per second, along with their angle of arrival, and the mathematical talent to find the integral of all the accelerating effects of these arrivals, and using these sums to alter the rate per second and angular distribution of the particle’s own emission of its various infinitesimal field particles.

 

Perhaps you have never thought of “exchange” forces as requiring a particle to have these talents, but surely you see that these are implicit in the current concepts.

 

Now, contrast this current vector particle approach with IPP’s concept:

 

IPP’s Concept of Fields & Forces

 

Infinite Particle Physics perceives its fields as simply point-to-point variations in the geometric arrangements of ECEs in its bipolar space lattice.  These arrangements are in constant flux, because each lattice locality of the infinite universe receives inverse-square decremented information from every phenomenon whose ever-extending oscillatory lattice distortion pattern has been in existence long enough to reach this location.  Each bit of this decremented information comes from a discrete point-centered ellipsoidal oscillatory structure whose frequency is proportional to its captured shrinkage (IPP’s concept of mass-energy), whose ellipticity is proportional to its central drift velocity, and whose pattern distortion conveys the nature of the phenomenon’s central defect composition (if any) and its summation charge (if any).

 

The field about a point can be visualized as vector-summation variations in the amount and character of surrounding dynamic rhombic lattice distortions, as a function of both radial direction and radial distance from that point.   These radial variations in rhombic distortion can be seen to result from asymmetrical arrangements & property variations of surrounding phenomena.  If the specific reference point of a field is the center of a particle, or a photon, one should be aware that this vector summation would also include the dynamic rhombic lattice distortions that are produced by this local phenomenon.

 

It will become apparent to you, with sufficient study of IPP’s concepts, that all the attributes of a particle, its charge, its defect composition, its mass-energy, its spin, its matter-wave, its absolute momentum — all these are manifest (embedded) as waveform aberrations in the ever-extending in-and-out lattice-density waves (ECE packing-density waves) of its bound hovering ellipsoidal oscillation.  Hence, when fields are perceived as instantaneous vector summation patterns of a universe full of these field-embedded waveforms, they must be visualized as patterns so complex that very little, or nothing, can be learned about any particular field component that they may contain!   However, the way each field component alters a particle’s distortion pattern can be visualized by an educated imagination, as we shall see.

 

IPP’s Forces are the mutual alteration of each other’s waveshapes when multiplicities of distorted point-centered hovering oscillations interact with each other.

 

Forces result in changes in the drift velocity (i.e., changes in the absolute momentum) of a particle exposed to a field, and, after appropriate time delays, result in equal and opposite proportionate changes in the drift velocities of the consortium of particles producing this field.  These drift velocity changes occur because the radial asymmetry of the local field acts to alter the incoming ellipsoidal reflection patterns of a particle’s hovering oscillations, so that they return at different times and amplitudes from different radial directions.  The result of these different return patterns is to progressively alter the hovering oscillator’s ellipticity.  These ellipticity changes propagate outwardly in inverse-square fashion toward the consortium of oscillators that are creating the local fields, thereby causing opposite reflection pattern changes and ellipticity changes in them proportionate to their local field contribution.

 

The particle’s defect cluster, bound to this hovering oscillator’s center, keeps pace with it by undergoing appropriate defect translocations during each transition from saturation to rarefaction of the hovering oscillator’s center.  Here’s what IPP means by appropriate: 

 

·        Single defects always translocate into the defect site closest to the oscillator’s current center location.

·        Clusters of defects always translocate in such a manner that their next center of mass-energy is closest to the oscillator’s current center location.

 

For example, if a particle’s drift speed is very slow relative to the velocity of light, most of the defect translocations will simply hover back-and-forth between adjacent lattice locations, and only occasionally advance in the direction of drift.  We can understand this hovering kind of translocation by perceiving that an oscillator’s center, being bound to its defect(s) by interaction with its (their) induced field(s), executes its drift through the lattice like the proverbial frog in the well, inching forward, then back, in an endless series of loops.

 

Now let’s look at IPP’s concept of fields in much greater detail.

 

How Fields Differ in the Character of their Rhombic Distortion (mystery 5)

 

In the following descriptions keep in mind that each of the eight types of particle-created fields that I will be describing is viewed by IPP as merely an aberrating component of the oscillatory lattice distortion pattern produced by the particle’s bound hovering oscillator.  This means that these fields have no independent reality.  However, we can deduce how each field creates its specific effects by imagining it as an isolated phenomenon, divorced from its host hovering oscillator.

 

Types of Fields

 

IPP recognizes and describes eight types of LD oscillator waveform-aberrating field structures:

1.      Gravitational

2.      Electrostatic

3.      Magnetic

4.      Strong-force

5.      Polarization

6.      Spin

7.      Momentum

8.      Angular momentum

 

And two types of lattice aberrating structures that may exist without associated oscillatory waveforms:

 

1.      Dark-matter (fields produced by lattice grain boundaries)

2.      Black-hole (fields produced by regions of the space lattice compressed into body-centered cubic crystalline form).

 

The weak-force field postulated by QCD as the agent of quark decays into other flavors, or quark decays into leptons is not needed, since IPP explains these decays as resulting from defect-pairs interacting with proximate destabilizing agents, namely, half-charge lattice voids & neutral void-pairs.  IPP characterizes QCD’s so-called weak-force particles, the charged W’s and neutral Z particles, as distortion patterns that possess, at their centers, the smallest quasi-stable manifestations of the body-centered cubic lattice structure (i.e., they are perceived as the smallest possible charged, or neutral, “black hole”). 

 

Gravitational fields: 

 

Gravitational fields are manifest as gradients in the integrated packing density of ECEs in the lattice of space.  IPP suggests that ECE packing-density increases correlate with minute changes in the shape of the postulated incompressible ECEs from spherical to ellipsoidal.  This shape change with packing density is implicit in the concept of mass-energy = point-centered lattice shrinkage.  The radial effect of point-centered shrinkage is to increase the center-to-center spacings of the lattice ECEs, while the circumferential (spherical) effect of shrinkage is to decrease these center-to-center spacings.  If we presume that the ECEs of “empty” space are fully in contact, the only way we can account for these opposite center-to-center changes of shrinkage is to assume that the ECEs change shape from spherical to ellipsoidal, with their major axes aligned in the directions of maximum packing-density gradients.  When I discuss forces later in this article, I will argue that the extreme weakness of gravity vs. electromagnetism results from the possibility that radial contraction and circumferential contraction produce almost precisely opposite effects in altering the ellipticity of interacting point-centered oscillatory waveforms.

 

Electrostatic fields:

 

Electrostatic fields are manifest as gradients in the integrated amounts of oppositely-directed displacements of plus ECEs vs. minus ECEs from their imagined “empty” space locations.  What we presume is that these oppositely-directed plus/minus displacements propagate out in inverse-square fashion from the center of every particle in the universe that has unequal numbers of plus/minus defects in its central defect cluster, and that the result of these polarized displacements is to create a dipole skew in the back-and-forth movements of ECEs that the particle’s hovering oscillation induces into the surrounding lattice.

 

If we recall the cube-diagonal movements of ECEs illustrated in the INTRODUCTORY TUTORIAL for the ECEs surrounding the saturated center of a neutral, spherical ECE-density oscillation, we can imagine the effect of substituting a positive-charge defect center as causing inward displacements of any minus ECE movement that has a radial component toward the oscillator center, and an outward displacement of any plus ECE movement that has a radial component toward the oscillator center.

 

We can visualize the integrated effect of a particle’s oscillatory dipole skew, by imagining the plus & minus ECEs surrounding a charged particle center as a sequence of concentric spheres.  If the particle’s center has an excess of positive defects (a positive charge), we should imagine that all the concentric spheres comprised of plus ECEs are displaced outwardly in inverse-square fashion, while those comprised of minus ECEs are displaced inwardly.

 

To visualize an electrostatic field is considerable harder.  It requires us to picture the result of making a vector summation of these concentric spherical (or even ellipsoidal) displacement patterns for all surrounding particles, of both plus & minus charge, that are close enough to make a noticeable contribution. 

 

Magnetic fields:

 

Magnetic fields are point-by-point variations in the direction and magnitude of electrostatic field gradients.  These electrostatic field variations are a result of the vector summation of groups of synchronized matter-waves that result from the synchronized ionization of the atoms of an electrically-conductive medium by an externally applied voltage.  Each individual pair of matter waves is created by a field-induced ionization and oppositely-directed acceleration of a valence electron away from its parent plus ion, in response to a local micro-electrostatic field resulting from the layer-by-layer division of an externally applied potential to the whole group of conductor atoms.

 

Because this process inherently produces equal & opposite changes in momentum of the valence electron and its associated atomic ion, the two matter-waves have the same frequency, but opposite phase.  Thus, we may infer that the local micro-electrostatic field, which provides the mass-energy used in ionization and acceleration of electron and ion, gets incorporated as an aberration in the waveforms of these two particles in the form of charge-displacements of plus and minus ECEs, and is manifest as a local (center) potential between their opposite-phase waveforms that undergoes identical inverse-square decrement as their two distortion patterns expand in synchronism.  For more details, read ”Finding the Roots of Magnetism”, accessible to you by clicking upon “ARTICLES” on the website navigation bar.

 

Strong-force fields:

 

Strong-force fields are due to uncancelled residues of expansion/contraction distortion that exist in the space at either end of every defect-pair.  These residues exist because the c-void defects comprising any defect-pair are spaced apart, and hence are unable to cancel all of each other’s expansion/contraction distortion.  It should be clear that these residues can be further cancelled only by the residual distortion of other defect-pairs, and this cancellation requires proper geometric alignment of the two associating defect-pairs, and opposite-slants of their opposing c-void defects.  IPP calls these cancellations of a portion of two defect-pairs’ residual expansion/contraction distortion, strong-force bonds.  There are two defect-pair geometrical alignments that allow these bonds, paraxial & diagonal.  To learn how IPP calculates the mass-deficits of these bonds, please visit the “The Nature of Nuclide Bonds”, which is part 1 of the article, “Visualizing Nuclides in 3-D”, or, for a more comprehensive treatment, see section 8 of the “Hadron Tutorial”.

 

IPP’s concept of strong-force fields shows why they have limited range, because we see that, in order to bond together, defect-pairs must be precisely aligned geometrically so that distortion-cancellation is possible, and must be close enough together so that their cancellation of mass-energy is sufficient to hold the two defect-pairs against the misaligning effects of visiting destabilizing agents.  Incidentally, you should perceive that “strong-force” is not a very apt name for IPP’s concept, since its primary effect is not altering particle drift, but rather is in binding together already close-together defect-pairs, through additional cancellations of residual expansion/contraction distortion.

 

If a strong-force bond is a structural feature of a hadron resonance (i.e., a defect-pair cluster), its formation simply reduces the captured mass-energy required to form the cluster.  If, on the other hand, its function is to join two nucleons together, the bond’s cancelled mass-energy is evolved (typically) in the form of a photon plus changes in the new nucleon cluster’s momentum.

 

Note:  I dig deeper into the structural details of these four fields in the Forces section of this article.

 

Forces:

 

The Mechanics of Forces

The calculation of the momentum-changing consequences of the interaction of particles with fields is a well-established discipline of physics, and needs no contribution from IPP.  What is currently lacking in our understanding of forces is the mechanics of the phenomena.  For example, in current theory (QCD), it seems to me that —

 

1.      We don’t know what a particle looks like, what a vector (field-producing) particle looks like, or what the process is by which they interact.

2.      We don’t understand the process by which a particle changes its momentum, or preserves its momentum, or even what structure to associate with the notion of momentum.  

3.      We don’t know how it is possible for a point particle to move through empty space?  (What supports it? What keeps it moving?). 

 

IPP strives to answer these questions, as follows:

 

I have described the structure of fields, verbally, above.  In time, physicists should be able to make accurate 3-D drawings of these patterns.  IPP provides abundant clues to allow one to visualize the structure of particles (You can learn much by clicking on the Tutorials & Visual Images at the top of our website’s opening screen.  There is also much about particle structures in the online book).   We shall deal, here, with the processes by which particles and fields interact.  Let’s begin by describing IPP’s notion of how impinging lattice-density oscillations produce particles:

 

“Shrinkage”, A Useful Term

 

Rhombic lattice distortion clearly “shrinks” space, since a rhomboid of the same edge dimension occupies less volume than a cube.  However, rhombic distortion is not always point-centered (an obvious example is the rhombic distortion captured by the grain boundaries of polycrystalline space).  Thus, IPP finds it convenient to use the term, “shrinkage”, to refer to all types of rhombic distortion that are point-centered.  This term is often used with a modifying adjective to further delineate its meaning, such as, “spherical shrinkage”, “hemispherical shrinkage”, “undedicated shrinkage”.  (If you are curious about these terms, you may look up their definitions by clicking on “Concept Index”, under “BOOK”, at the top of your screen).  

 

Hemispherical Shrinkage

 

Hemispherical shrinkage is a curious concept, difficult to explain and to comprehend, but absolutely essential to understanding how photons and particles move through the space lattice.  To get a preliminary understanding, begin by picturing a perfectly spherical lattice-density oscillation remote from all other matter.  Its center will, of course, remain static in absolute space, because its oscillating pattern will be spherically symmetrical about its center.  Now, let us inject a dose of “reality” into this idealized phenomenon:

 

·        The center will obviously be asymmetrical relative to the boundaries of the polycrystalline grain in which it is sited, and the expanding oscillatory pattern beyond this central grain will also find itself in asymmetrical arrangements relative to its contiguous grain boundaries.

·        Hence, we should expect the oscillator’s reflected waves not to focus precisely in one spot, but perhaps to concentrate in two minutely separated points (or more).

·        The reflected (outgoing) waves from these two separated central concentrations will suffer very quick and intense reflections midway between them, because the approaching patterns will now be out-of- phase.  And, clearly, this out-of-phase condition will prevail throughout the plane bisecting the line between these two points.

·        These out-of-phase reflections will serve to further separate the two points of focused mass-energy with each successive cycle.

 

So the result of reflection irregularities will be to create (usually) two centers of oscillation, where previously there was one.  These centers rapidly separate from each other, and become separate oscillatory phenomenon, each of which has evidently captured half the mass-energy of the original spherical oscillation.  Now let us ask ourselves these questions, and try to answer them:

 

Q: What determines the path that each oscillator’s center takes?

A: At each instant, the oscillator’s center must coincide with the center-of-mass-energy of the its growing hemisphere of rhombic distortion that results from the progressive splitting of the original spherical oscillation.

 

Q: What can we surmise about the speed & direction through space of this center of mass-energy?

A:  It’s speed will be a constant fraction of the rate of expansion of the growing hemisphere of shrinkage, and its direction will always remain normal to the expanding plane of separation that lies between the two separating centers of oscillation..

 

Q:  What is this speed of separation, relative to the speed of light?

A:  Each oscillator’s center moves at the speed of light, c, relative to the growing plane of separation.  We infer that these oscillator centers will move at the speed of light, because our thought experiment is simply IPP’s description of the creation of opposite-moving photons from a center of annihilation.

 

Q:  What will be the shape of the first node of each of these separating oscillators?

A:  It will have an ellipsoidal shape, whose major axis is aligned with its path through space, whose ellipticity is such that its successive centers of compaction are spaced apart a distance, d = c/f (i.e., d = [speed of light] / [frequency of its oscillation]).

 

How hemispherical shrinkage is acquired by a particle from fields, or donated to fields by a particle, and how the portion acquired, or donated, by a particle alters the drift rate of its hovering oscillator’s center through space will be explained under “Accelerations — The Transfer of Hemispherical Shrinkages Between LD Oscillators”, below.  But, first, some preliminaries:

 

IPP’s concept of momentum:  IPP views a particle’s momentum, mv, as a property that resides in its bound hovering oscillation.  A particle’s captured mass-energy is seen to correlate with its oscillator’s frequency of oscillation, f, (E = mc² = hc²f), while its drift velocity , v, is simply  proportional to the ellipticity of its hovering oscillations , which determines the increment of distance the oscillator’s center steps through space, d, per cycle (i.e., v = fd).  There are a number of concepts implicit in this relationship that merit discussion:

 

You will perceive that IPP’s definition of momentum implies that (essentially) all of a particle’s mass-energy resides in its bound hovering oscillation.  No doubt this will sound rather ridiculous to you, at first, in view of statements I have already made concerning the vital role that a particle’s cluster of defects plays in forming its fields, and in determining the amount of mass-energy that the particle captures when it is created.  Adding to this confusion is the notion that collapsed-void defects cancel almost all of each other’s mass-energy, when they pair, and cancel additional small portions of their paired mass-energy when they bond to other defect-pairs.  Let’s try to resolve these apparent contradictions:

 

Mass-energy resides in lattice-density oscillations because defects move!  If particles are clusters of defects, and if we accept that particles move through space, then we must accept that defect clusters can move through space also.  How is this accomplished?

 

When the center of a collapsed void moves it must change its character to an uncollapsed void, whose center is displaced ½ ü/ (one-half of a lattice face-diagonal).  Then it must be re-collapsed in a manner that causes its collapsed center to be displaced further by ½ ü/.  You will see that these progressive conditions of uncollapse & collapse are precisely what a particle’s drifting bound hovering oscillation provides in its region of central “saturation”.

 

If we remember that a void is IPP’s concept of a muon neutrino, which IPP perceives as having sub-eV mass-energy, we see that the hovering oscillator must supply enough central compaction to collapse all the voids at the particle’s center, followed by sufficient central rarefaction to permit all of these defects to move ½ ü/, and uncollapse.

 

Defect-pairs can only capture quantized amounts of mass-energy.

 

Let us imagine that a single defect-pair cluster of perfect symmetry & zero charge, like a J/psi, has been created in a zone of LD oscillator saturation, whose captured mass-energy is the summation mass-energy of an impinging electron and positron of equal and opposite momentum suffering mutual annihilation.   In imagining this scenario, we should perceive that three things are certain to be true:

 

1) The center of the J/psi structure will not coincide with the center of the LD oscillator resulting from the annihilation.  Reason: defect-pairs site only in precise cardinal orientations, whereas LD oscillators can have arbitrary, and ever-drifting, center locations.

 

2) The mass-energy of the LD oscillator will always exceed the quantized amount of mass-energy captured by the J/psi.  Reason: in order for a defect-pair cluster of perfect symmetry to form, the two defect-pairs in the quadrant furthest from the eccentric LD oscillator center will not form unless the shrinkage available in this quadrant equals, or exceeds, the quantized amount required for their formation.

 

3) The unutilized (excess) mass-energy of the LD oscillator will immediately split into two equal hemispheres of shrinkage, one of which spawns a photon, the other of which is incorporated into the J/psi’s hovering oscillator in a manner which alters its ellipticity, and, therefore, its rate of drift through the space lattice.

 

In thinking about the above three points, we should keep in mind (as I have explained in the Introductory Tutorial) that the mass-energy of an infinite LD oscillator is not localized at its center, but rather is distributed in equal radial increments to infinity beyond its central saturation zone, and the radial distribution of mass-energy within the central saturation zone actually diminishes toward zero at the oscillator center.  Since defect-pair clusters always form within the oscillator’s saturation zone, we should perceive that the mass-energy excess required to create a J/psi can be a very small amount, such as not to affect precise measurement of its threshold mass-energy.    

 

Note by author:  I regret having to halt this article in what is obviously an unfinished state.  At age 87 my intellectual gifts are somewhat tarnished, such as to make cogent writing only occasionally possible.  However, there are plenty of novel and useful concepts in this article as it stands, for the next generation of physicists to contemplate and utilize.